Catherine the Great, a German princess, was incontestably the greatest Russian ruler before Vladimir Putin. She also helped save America during its Revolution.
Born and raised in Zerbst, Saxony-Anhalt, she married a Russian tsar in 1744 and ruled alone when he died.
My late wife Margaret lived for a time in Zerbst in 2010 and in 2014, and visited the ruins of Catherine’s castle there.
The castle, not a military objective, was bombed wantonly and senselessly, like beautiful Dresden, by the Americans at the end of WWII (on April 21, 1945), not knowing or caring (probably both) that it had belonged to the very woman who had helped save the US.
Before:
After, just the burned-out west wing. (The East German communists refused to rebuild it.)
American troops under Patton also raped and killed this Zerbst woman:
Alexey Viryasov’s Blog
How Russia Saved the United States Twice
Today Americans are celebrating the most important national holiday — Independence Day. More than a year after the advent of the American Revolutionary War, on July 4, 1776, delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia signed a document, which laid the foundation for a new country. The Declaration of Independence officially announced the separation of 13 newly-independent mutinous colonies from the metropolis and explained the reasons why Americans were at war with the British crown.
By positing that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness, the Declaration set an agenda for all democratic state-building in the world for centuries to come.
Both Russian and French constitutions have been defined by this narrative.
Inspired by the European enlightenment and its philosophers (Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau) as well as supported by the French expeditionary corps, George Washington’s army stood up for the newly-born nation’s very right to exist. After eight years of bloodshed, the United Kingdom eventually recognized America’s independence in 1783; coincidentally, the same year Crimea became a part of the Russian Empire.
However, in the Winter of 1775, victory was far beyond the horizon. Americans were gravely crashed at the Battle of Quebec. A couple of months later, the British were preparing for a counterattack in New York, which later became the most disastrous defeat of the Revolutionary Army over the course of the war. The Americans lost Fort Washington in Autumn 1776 and roughly 3,000 soldiers were taken hostage.
Meanwhile, intending to cut the supply of the rebellious colonies, Britannia tried to impose a naval blockade on the American continent.
Being influenced by her correspondence with the French philosophers, an enlightened Russian Empress Catherine the Great from the very start was sympathetic to the Americans fighting for their freedom.
Guided by her own country’s national interests, Catherine firmly opposed the British naval blockade. She continued to trade with the 13 former colonies. In 1780 Russia proclaimed the policy of armed neutrality, which meant that its ships would fight back if the British navy tried to stop them from crossing the Atlantic.
More than that, amidst the Revolutionary War George III, the British king,
…trying to appeal to Catherine’s monarchical sentiments, pleaded her to send 20-thousand Russian expeditionary corps to America to fight against the revolutionaries.
The Russian Empress refused. Then the king tried to bribe Catherine by offering an island of Menorca in the Mediterranean Sea in exchange for convincing France to exit the war and thus forcing the American rebels to fight alone. And again, the offer was turned down.
Nowadays most Americans remember the French fighting alongside them in this nation-building war. Unfortunately, they are never reminded about Russia’s contribution to the U.S. independence.
The second most important conflict in America was the Civil War (1861-1865). This time, once again, Russia was on the right side of history.
We can draw some parallels between the two contemporaries, the first Republican President Abraham Lincoln and Russian Tsar Alexander II (also known as the Liberator). Both men initiated fundamental reforms to reconstruct their countries, both of them fought slavery. Alexander abolished serfdom in Russia in 1861, four years before the 13th Amendment was adopted in the United States. Another mysterious similarity, both rulers had a tragic destiny. Both men died for what they believed in. They were assassinated by terrorists.
Alexander II
Back to 1861, with the outbreak of the Civil War President Lincoln not only had to fight the Confederacy but also resist London and Paris plotting against the Union. This time France, pursuing its agenda in Mexico, betrayed the U.S. by secretly supplying the separatist South with weapons. And the United Kingdom, also guided by its self-interest, insidiously increased Confederacy’s legitimacy by recognizing it as a combatant party. By default, London and Paris were ready to join the war on the side of General Lee’s army. The major factor, which prevented it from happening was the position taken by the Russian Empire.
In 1863, Alexander II sent two Russian fleets under the command of Admirals Lessovski and Popov to New York and San Francisco in order to put pressure on London and fight the British navy if necessary. Russian ships patrolled the American shores for 10 months. Thus, Russia was the first European power, who officially supported the Union and President Lincoln. Soon the war was over.
Russian battleships in New York depicted by Harpers Weekly in Oct. 1863
In 1867, Mark Twain came with the delegation of journalists to Saint Petersburg, where he was warmly welcomed by the Russian Tsar.
The famous American writer characterized Russian people as friendly people.
Russia’s position towards the United States at the time can be best described by an affirmation of the most famous Russian diplomat, Chancellor Gorchakov:
“Russia’s policy towards the United States is defined and will not change. Above all, we wish to keep the American Union as an undivided nation.”
Being deeply indebted to Russia, the American government in 1866 decided to send a special deputation to Petersburg to express to the Emperor and the Russian people the gratitude of the United States for the help provided by sending Russian fleets to America. The words, coined by an American diplomat Berg at an official reception organized a couple of years earlier in honor of the sailors who came to the side of the United States in its hour of need, happened to be prophetic:
“There is a friendship between us that has not been overshadowed by any bad memories. It will continue, subject to the strict rule not to interfere in each other’s internal affairs. It is easy to imagine the enormous advantages that such a policy can give to all the governments of the globe if they carefully adhere to it.”
Today it might be hard for our two countries to return to such an ideal state of affairs. Now Russian-American relations are overshadowed by lots of circumstances. This is why it is especially important to remember the positive moments of our common past.
Twice in less than a century, Russia stood on behalf of the United States in its fight for freedom and unity. As much as Americans, Russians are always ready to fight for the right cause and for what they believe in.
Today, it’s worth congratulating Americans as they celebrate their independence and the profound impact that American democracy has had on the world.
At the same time, it’s also worth remembering the instrumental role that Russia played in making the American experiment possible and that together the United States and Russia can do great things.
Our best days are not behind us.
Alexey Viryasov is a budding young journalist and political analyst with an International Relations degree from MGIMO and rich multicultural experience from all over the world
Blog: Alexey Viryasov’s Blog
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_beauty
Nuova scoperta:
La madre “segreta” di Leonardo. Ecco il vizio della famiglia “De Medici”..
Bingo!
Grazie. Lo ho visto…Leonardo come figlio di una Muslima (Circassiana) e schiava…
mmm.. Politicalmente correcto… 😉
A riprova che l’Italia e l’Occidente hanno bisogno di più musulmani e discendenti di schiavi….come i neri, forse 😉 Poi sorgerà il prossimo Leonardo. 😉
Come va M?
Tutto bene 😉 Sono sempre più convinta che sua madre ha le stesse origini egizie/sumeriche/Alessandrine della madre di Gesù(schiavi di Babilonia).
Convintissima.
Sesto senso.Il Vasari disse che lui era di sangue nobile 😉
Di Buon Sangue 🙂
https://photos.app.goo.gl/6g96y96fqJYsDgam8
Una schiava circassa.
Sangue nobile.
Razza bianca 😉
Dear John de Nugent,
I hope you find this as fascinating as i do:
https://i.ibb.co/P1p98sD/Kon-Tiki-Viracocha-Swastica-Odin-Ahnenerbe.png
comment image
https://frenschan.org/r/res/630.html
Highest Good. Aryan Blood. We must secure the existance of our people and a future for white children. Wotans conscious lives in our indogermanic blood and connects us all with each other. Do not let GOD die (God is derived from Godan which is the gothic word for Wodan/Odin).
Tyr (Teiwaz, Tiwaz, Ziu, Tuisto, Zio) is a god in the Germanic writings of the Edda, where he is named as the god of battle and victory on the one hand, but also appears as the preserver of law and order on the other. The Old Norse form of the name is the most commonly known and used. Other singular language forms are in Old English Tiw, Tig, Old Dutch dīs and Old High German Ziu, Tiu, Tiuz.
The root of his name suggests that Tyr was originally a father or sky god.
“As progenitors and founders of their nationhood, they [the Teutons] glorify Tuisto, a god sprung from the earth, and his son Mannus in ancient songs-the only kind of historical tradition that exists among them.”
– Tacitus: Germania 2,2
The manuscripts to the Germania offer a great variety of spellings of the name; Tuistonem and Tuisconem can be discerned as the main variants. A decision between the two forms of the name is neither possible from the tradition nor from the etymology. Both can be traced back to an element of Germanic *twis- “two-“.
German (Deutsch) comes from Teutsch. Teutsch from Teutz. Teutz from Tuisto/Ziu/Tiwisko.
This is the root like Deus/Dyaeus/Zeus.
Odin = Wodan = Godan (Gothic name) = God.
Odin however is the first.
In the Indo-European Russian language ODIN is called ONE until today.
ODIN (=Godan = God) has breathed his breath (Odem = Odin) according to the Edda into an ash tree trunk (=life tree = DNA).
Ziu = Zwo = Two (Two). (Example Twilight) = Deus = Zeus
So the Germans are (according to legend, which always contains a grain of truth) descendants of God.
Therefore, whoever touches the Germans and white people in general, touches God.
In you lives the heritage of millions of ancestors, the blood of your whole people.
Behind your 2 parents there are 4 grandparents, 8 great-grandparents and so on. With each previous ancestor sequence the number of your ancestors doubles. In the 25.
Generation it is already more than 33 million. 25 generations, that is about
600 years. From each of these 16 million men and 16 million women you are
you are a part, a breath, a feeling, a thought. All of them still live in
your form and your being immortally until today. 16 million men
and 16 million women have woven on you, have bequeathed, strengthened or
erased. All the people of that time are your ancestors, as they are the ancestors of all of us.
So also the history of your people is your own history.
Our common blood and our common history make us
brothers. In this great community, your blood, your soul also lives on.
It lives in your deeds and works, your thinking and dreams . and will
one day be in your children and grandchildren.
You too, fight for the future of this blood! In the blood
of your people you are immortal.
Brooke Shields wurde vor 30 Jahren von einem Hollywoodboss vergewaltigt. Noch keinen Namen….bestimmt endet der Name mit _stein oder _berg….
Es soll ’93 gewesen sein…Kam da nicht der antideutsche Hetzfilm “Sch(w)indlers Liste” heraus? Es würde mich nicht wundern, wenn es Spielberg war.
Danke, aber bitte diese beiden Kommentare bezgl. Shields hierunter setzen!
https://johndenugent.com/spiritual-reading-the-genocide-only-sped-up-a-lot-when-the-clot-shot-came-in-remembering-heather-orourke/
British workers tried to help the Union by boycotting cotton imported for the Lancashire cotton mills. Thousands of British workers endured poverty to help the Union.
Free blacks were despised in the Union as they drove down wages, and especially by the Irish working class.
They didn’t believe in dying for the Union to free the blacks. Anti-draft riots lasted 3 days. Union forces had to be used to quell the riots.
Yes, indeed, and thanks.
Wiki:
New York City draft riots
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
New York City Draft Riots of 1863
Part of Opposition to the American Civil War
New York Draft Riots – fighting.jpg
A drawing from The Illustrated London News showing armed rioters clashing with Union Army soldiers in New York City.
Date July 13, 1863 – July 16, 1863
Location Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Caused by Civil War conscription; racism; competition for jobs between blacks and whites.
Resulted in Riots ultimately suppressed
Parties to the civil conflict
Rioters
New York Metropolitan Police Department
New York National Guard
Union Army
Casualties
Death(s) 119–120[1][2]
Injuries 2,000
vte
Northern Theater of the American Civil War
Recruiting poster for the Enrollment Act or Civil War Military Draft Act of the federal government for the conscription of troops for the Union Army in New York City on June 23, 1863
The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week,[3] were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of white working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and most racially charged urban disturbance in American history.[4] According to Toby Joyce, the riot represented a “civil war” inside the Irish Catholic community, in that “mostly Irish American rioters confronted police, [while] soldiers, and pro-war politicians … were also to a considerable extent from the local Irish immigrant community.”[5]
President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly Irish working-class men who did not want to fight in the Civil War and resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $6,600 in 2021[6] though a typical laborer’s wage was between $1.00 and $2.00 a day in 1863[7][8]) commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft.[9][10]
Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned into a race riot, with white rioters attacking black people, in violence throughout the city. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, said on July 16 that “Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it.”[11]
The military did not reach the city until the second day of rioting, by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was burned to the ground.[12] The area’s demographics changed as a result of the riot. Many black residents left Manhattan permanently with many moving to Brooklyn. By 1865, the black population had fallen below 11,000 for the first time since 1820.[12]
Background
New York’s economy was tied to the South; by 1822, nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments.[13] In addition, upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city’s Board of Aldermen to “declare the city’s independence from Albany and from Washington”; he said it “would have the whole and united support of the Southern States.”[14] When the Union entered the war, New York City had many sympathizers with the South.[15]
The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants. Since the 1840s, most were from Ireland and Germany. In 1860, nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German-born, and many did not speak English. During the 1840s and 1850s, journalists had published sensational accounts, directed at the white working class, dramatizing the evils of interracial socializing, relationships, and marriages. Reformers joined the effort.[12] Newspapers carried derogatory portrayals of black people and ridiculed “black aspirations for equal rights in voting, education, and employment”.
The Democratic Party’s Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections and had strongly recruited Irish. In March 1863, with the war continuing, Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time, as more troops were needed. In New York City and other locations, new citizens learned they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country. Black men were excluded from the draft as they were largely not considered citizens, and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes.[12]
New York political offices, including the mayor, were historically held by Democrats before the war, but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally. Newly elected New York City Republican Mayor George Opdyke was mired in profiteering scandals in the months leading up to the riots. The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the white working class in New York, who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market. There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s, particularly at the docks, with free blacks and immigrants competing for low-wage jobs in the city. In March 1863, white longshoremen refused to work with black laborers and rioted, attacking 200 black men.[12]
Riots
Monday
John Alexander Kennedy, NYC police superintendent from 1860 to 1870
There were reports of rioting in Buffalo, New York, and certain other cities, but the first drawing of draft numbers—on July 11, 1863—occurred peaceably in Manhattan. The second drawing was held on Monday, July 13, 1863, ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg. At 10 am, a furious crowd of around 500, led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 (known as the “Black Joke”), attacked the assistant Ninth District provost marshal’s office, at Third Avenue and 47th Street, where the draft was taking place.[16]
The crowd threw large paving stones through windows, burst through the doors, and set the building ablaze.[17] When the fire department responded, rioters broke up their vehicles. Others killed horses that were pulling streetcars and smashed the cars. To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot, they[who?] cut telegraph lines.[16]
Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops at Gettysburg, the local New York Metropolitan Police Department was the only force on hand to try to suppress the riots.[17] Police Superintendent John Kennedy arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation. Although he was not in uniform, people in the mob recognized him and attacked him. Kennedy was left nearly unconscious, his face bruised and cut, his eye injured, his lips swollen, and his hand cut with a knife. He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body.[3]
Police drew their clubs and revolvers and charged the crowd but were overpowered.[18] The police were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots, but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square.[3] Inhabitants of the “Bloody Sixth” Ward, around the South Street Seaport and Five Points areas, refrained from involvement in the rioting.[19] The 19th Company/1st Battalion US Army Invalid Corps which was part of the Provost Guard tried to disperse the mob with a volley of gunfire but were overwhelmed and suffered over 14 injured with 1 soldier missing (believed killed).
Bull’s Head Hotel, depicted in 1830, was burned after it refused to serve alcohol to the rioters.
Attack on the Tribune building
The Colored Orphan Asylum which was burned.
Rioters attacking a building on Lexington Avenue.
The Bull’s Head hotel on 44th Street, which refused to provide alcohol to the rioters, was burned. The mayor’s residence on Fifth Avenue was spared by words of Judge George Gardner Barnard, and the crowd of about 500 turned to another location of pillage.[20] The Eighth and Fifth District police stations, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. Other targets included the office of the New York Times. The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns, including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond.[21] Fire engine companies responded, but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters because they had also been drafted on Saturday. The New York Tribune was attacked, being looted and burned; not until police arrived and extinguished the flames was the crowd dispersed.[20][18] Later in the afternoon, authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street. The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street.[16] The mob beat, tortured and/or killed numerous black civilians, including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones, then lynched, hanged from a tree and set alight.[16]
The Colored Orphan Asylum at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue, a “symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility”[12] that provided shelter for 233 children, was attacked by a mob at around 4 pm. A mob of several thousand, including many women and children, looted the building of its food and supplies. However, the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building burned down.[18] Throughout the areas of rioting, mobs attacked and killed numerous black civilians and destroyed their known homes and businesses, such as James McCune Smith’s pharmacy at 93 West Broadway, believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States.[12]
Near the midtown docks, tensions brewing since the mid-1850s boiled over. As recently as March 1863, white employers had hired black longshoremen, with whom many White men refused to work. Rioters went into the streets in search of “all the negro porters, cartmen and laborers” to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks. White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels, dance halls, boarding houses, and tenements that catered to black people. Mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses.[12]
Tuesday
Heavy rain fell on Monday night, helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home, but the crowds returned the next day. Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons, a prison reformer and the daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper. They also attacked white “amalgamationists”, such as Ann Derrickson and Ann Martin, two white women who were married to black men, and Mary Burke, a white prostitute who catered to black men.[12][22]
Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall, where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional. General John E. Wool, commander of the Eastern District, brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor, West Point, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He ordered the militias to return to New York.[18]
Wednesday
The situation improved July 15 when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining rioters.[18] The rioting spread to Brooklyn and Staten Island.[23]
Thursday
Order began to be restored on July 16. The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after a forced march. In addition, the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia, which had not been in federal service, and a section of the 20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throggs Neck. The New York State Militia units were the first to arrive. There were several thousand militia and Federal troops in the city.[11]
A final confrontation occurred in the evening near Gramercy Park. According to Adrian Cook, twelve people died on this last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters, the police, and the Army.[24]
The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from Baltimore, as well as “Scuykill Rangers [sic] and other rowdies of Philadelphia”, had come to New York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and “Mackerelvillers”. The Times editorialized that “the scoundrels cannot afford to miss this golden opportunity of indulging their brutal natures, and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperheads and secesh [secessionist] sympathizers.”[25]
Aftermath
The exact death toll during the New York draft riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson, 119 or 120 people were killed.[26][page needed] Although other estimates list the death toll as high as 1,200.[27] Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area:[12]
West of Broadway, below Twenty-sixth, all was quiet at 9 o’clock last night. A crowd was at the corner of Seventh avenue and Twenty-seventh Street at that time. This was the scene of the hanging of a negro in the morning, and another at 6 o’clock in the evening. The body of the one hung in the morning presented a shocking appearance at the Station-House. His fingers and toes had been sliced off, and there was scarcely an inch of his flesh which was not gashed. Late in the afternoon, a negro was dragged out of his house in West Twenty-seventh street, beaten down on the sidewalk, pounded in a horrible manner, and then hanged to a tree.[28]
In all, eleven black men were hanged over five days.[29] Among the murdered blacks was the seven-year-old nephew of Bermudian First Sergeant Robert John Simmons of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, whose account of fighting in South Carolina, written on the approach to Fort Wagner July 18, 1863, was to be published in the New York Tribune on December 23, 1863 (Simmons having died in August of wounds received in the attack on Fort Wagner).
The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2,000 people were injured. Herbert Asbury, the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York, upon which the 2002 film was based, puts the figure much higher, at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded,[30] a number that some dispute.[31] Total property damage was about $1–5 million (equivalent to $17.6 million – $88.2 million in 2021[32]).[30][33] The city treasury later indemnified one-quarter of the amount.
Historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were “equivalent to a Confederate victory”.[33] Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum, were burned to the ground. 4,000 federal troops had to be pulled out of the Gettysburg Campaign to suppress the riots, troops that could have aided in pursuing the battered Army of Northern Virginia as it retreated out of Union territory.[23] During the riots, landlords, fearing that the mob would destroy their buildings, drove black residents from their homes. As a result of the violence against them, hundreds of black people left New York, including physician James McCune Smith and his family, moving to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, or New Jersey.[12]
The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims, helping them find new work and homes. The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $40,000 to 2,500 victims of the riots. By 1865 the black population in the city had dropped to under 10,000, the lowest since 1820. The white working-class riots had changed the demographics of the city, and white residents exerted their control in the workplace; they became “unequivocally divided” from the black population.[12]
On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It was completed within 10 days without further incident. Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the white working class: of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription, only about 45,000 were sent into active duty.[34]
While the rioting mainly involved the white working class, middle and upper-class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it. Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional. Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional, but they helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted.[35]
In December 1863, the Union League Club recruited more than 2,000 black soldiers, outfitted and trained them, honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864. A crowd of 100,000 watched the procession, which was led by police and members of the Union League Club.[12][36][37]
New York’s support for the Union cause continued, however grudgingly, and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city. New York banks eventually financed the Civil War, and the state’s industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy. By the end of the war, more than 450,000 soldiers, sailors, and militia had enlisted from New York State, which was the most populous state at the time. A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war, more from disease than wounds, as was typical of most combatants.[14]
Order of battle
New York Metropolitan Police Department
See also: List of New York City Police Department officers: 1845–1865
New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.
Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots.[38]
Of the NYPD Officers-there were four fatalities-1 killed and 3 died of injuries[39]
Precinct Commander Location Strength Notes
1st Precinct Captain Jacob B. Warlow 29 Broad Street 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
2nd Precinct Captain Nathaniel R. Mills 49 Beekman Street 4 Sergeants, 60 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
3rd Precinct Captain James Greer 160 Chambers Street 3 Sergeants, 64 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
4th Precinct Captain James Bryan 9 Oak Street 4 Sergeants, 70 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
5th Precinct Captain Jeremiah Petty 49 Leonard Street 4 Sergeants, 61 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
6th Precinct Captain John Jourdan 9 Franklin Street 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
7th Precinct Captain William Jamieson 247 Madison Street 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
8th Precinct Captain Morris DeCamp 126 Wooster Street 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
9th Precinct Captain Jacob L. Sebring 94 Charles Street 4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
10th Precinct Captain Thaddeus C. Davis Essex Market 4 Sergeants, 62 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
11th Precinct Captain John I. Mount Union Market 4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
12th Precinct Captain Theron R. Bennett 126th Street (near Third Avenue) 5 Sergeants, 41 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
13th Precinct Captain Thomas Steers Attorney Street (at corner of Delancey Street) 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
14th Precinct Captain John J. Williamson 53 Spring Street 4 Sergeants, 58 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
15th Precinct Captain Charles W. Caffery 220 Mercer Street 4 Sergeants, 69 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
16th Precinct Captain Henry Hedden 156 West 20th Street 4 Sergeants, 50 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
17th Precinct Captain Samuel Brower First Avenue (at the corner of Fifth Street) 4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
18th Precinct Captain John Cameron 22nd Street (near Second Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 74 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
19th Precinct Captain Galen T. Porter 59th Street (near Third Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 49 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
20th Precinct Captain George W. Walling 212 West 35th Street 4 Sergeants, 59 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
21st Precinct Sergeant Cornelius Burdick (acting Captain) 120 East 31st Street 4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
22nd Precinct Captain Johannes C. Slott 47th Street (between Eighth and Ninth Avenues) 4 Sergeants, 54 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
23rd Precinct Captain Henry Hutchings 86th Street (near Fourth Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 42 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
24th Precinct Captain James Todd New York waterfront 2 Sergeants and 20 Patrolmen Headquartered on Police Steamboat No. 1
25th Precinct Captain Theron Copeland 300 Mulberry Street 1 Sergeant, 38 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen Headquarters of the Broadway Squad.
26th Precinct Captain Thomas W. Thorne City Hall 1 Sergeant, 66 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
27th Precinct Captain John C. Helme 117 Cedar Street 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen
28th Precinct Captain John F. Dickson 550 Greenwich Street 4 Sergeants, 48 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
29th Precinct Captain Francis C. Speight 29th Street (near Fourth Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 82 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen
30th Precinct Captain James Z. Bogart 86th Street and Bloomingdale Road 2 Sergeants, 19 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
32nd Precinct Captain Alanson S. Wilson Tenth Avenue and 152nd Street 4 Sergeants, 35 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen Mounted police
New York State Militia
1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford[40]
Unit Commander Complement Officers Other Ranks
65th Regiment Colonel William F. Berens 401
74th Regiment Colonel Watson A. Fox
20th Independent Battery Captain B. Franklin Ryer
Unorganized Militia:
Unit Commander Complement Officers Remarks
Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York Guarded State Arsenal from rioters
Union Army
Department of the East: Major General John E. Wool[41] headquartered in New York[42]
Defenses of New York City: Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown,[41][43][44] Brig. General Edward R. S. Canby[45]
Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment.
Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft:
Provost Marshal General U.S.A.: Colonel James Fry
Provost Marshal General New York City: Colonel Robert Nugent (During the first day of rioting on July 13, 1863, in command of the Invalid Corps: 1st Battalion)
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg, mostly federalized state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac, to reinforce the New York City Police Department. By the end of the riots, there were more than 4,000 soldiers garrisoned in the troubled area.[citation needed]
Unit Commander Complement Officers Notes
Invalid Corps 1st and 2nd Battalions; just over 9 companies. (15th and 19th Companies 1st Battalion VRC & 1st Company 21st VRC Regiment) Over 16 injured; 1 killed 1 missing[46]
26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Judson S. Farrar
5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Cleveland Winslow 50 Returning to New York in May 1863, the original regiminent was mustered out after its two-year enlistment period. However, after having subsequently reorganized the 5th New York Infantry as a veteran battalion on May 25, Winslow was recalled to New York City to suppress the New York City draft riots the following month. Winslow Commanded a small force consisting of 50 men from his regiment as well as 200 volunteers under a Major Robinson and two howitzers of Col. Jardine
7th New York National Guard Regiment Colonel Marshall Lefferts 800 Recalled back to New York; on the way, one Private drowned. On July 16, 1863, during a skirmish with rioters, the regimental casualties were one Private received a buckshot in the back of the hand and two Privates had their coats cut by bullets[47]
8th New York National Guard Regiment Brigadier General Charles C. Dodge 150
9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Edward E. Jardine (wounded) Regiment had been mustered out in May 1863 but 200 volunteered to serve again during the draft riots[48]
11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Henry O’Brien (killed) Original regiment mustered out on June 2, 1862. Colonel O’Brien was in the process of recruiting at the time of the draft riots. The regiment was never brought back to strength and enlisted members were transferred to 17th Veteran Infantry.
11th U.S. Regular Infantry Regiment Colonel Erasmus D. Keyes In the fall of 1863 the Regular infantry, with other commands from the Army of the Potomac, were sent to New York City to preserve order during the next draft. The 11th Infantry encamped on the East River, across the street and to the north of Jones’ Wood garden. When the purpose for which the troops were sent to New York had been accomplished, they were ordered back to the front.[49]
13th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment Colonel Charles E. Davies Regiment suffered 2 fatalities during the riots.[50]
14th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment Colonel Thaddeus P. Mott All cavalry regiments in New York City were eventually put under the command of General Judson Kilpatrick who volunteered his services on July 17[51]
17th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Major T. W. C. Grower Regimental losses during the Draft Riots totaled 4; they were 1 enlisted man killed and 1 officer and 2 enlisted men wounded {recovered}[52]
22nd New York National Guard Regiment Colonel Lloyd Aspinwall
47th New York State Militia/National Guard Regiment Colonel Jeremiah V. Messerole
152nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Alonso Ferguson
14th Indiana Infantry Regiment Colonel John Coons
Fiction
Wilderness: A Tale of the Civil War (1961) by Robert Penn Warren
The Banished Children of Eve, A Novel of Civil War New York (1995) by Peter Quinn
My Notorious Life: A Novel (2014) by Kate Manning
On Secret Service (2000) by John Jakes
Paradise Alley (2003) by Kevin Baker
New York: the Novel (2009) by Edward Rutherfurd
Grant Comes East (2004) by Newt Gingrich
Last Descendants (2016) by Matthew J. Kirby
Riot (2009) by Walter Dean Myers
A Wish After Midnight (2008) by Zetta Elliott, speculative fiction set in Brooklyn alternating between the early 21st century and 1863.
Libertie (2021) by Kaitlyn Greenidge
Moon and the Mars (2021) by Kia Corthron
Television, theatre and film
The short-lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children (modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum).
Gangs of New York (2002), a film directed by Martin Scorsese, includes a fictionalized portrayal of the New York Draft Riots.
Russian assistance during the San Francisco fire of 1863:
https://www.holy-trinity.org/history/1994/1994.01.26%20SF%20Examiner.html
After the purchase of Alaska in 1867, Russian-Alaskans were treated horribly by occupying Jewnited States troops.
Thanks for this article; I just blogged on it:
https://johndenugent.com/1863-sailors-from-russia-died-to-save-san-francisco-spiritual-reading-what-is-underneath-your-bad-habit/